I.The Erosion of Segregation
a. in the early 1900s, Booker T. Washington urged blacks to temporarily put aside their desire for political equality and focus instead on economic security
aa. Washington outlined his ideas at the Atlanta Exposition in 1905
ab. became known as the Atlanta Compromise
b. W.E.B. Du Bois rejected Washington's ideas
ba. believed blacks must work for social and political equality
bb. in 1905, helped organize conference in Niagara Falls, Ontario to discuss racial progress
bba. this began the Niagara Movement
bbb. called for:
"full civil liberties
"and end to racial discrimination
"recognition of human brotherhood
c. some black leaders, frustrated by violence and discrimination, urged blacks to emigrate to Africa
ca.
Marcus Garvey organized the Universal Negro Improvement Association to foster black pride and economic power
cb. Garvey also organized a "Back To Africa" movement
cba. encouraged blacks to emigrate to Africa to establish a country and government on their own
d. 1909, Mary White Ovington, a white social worker, helped organize a nation conference on the "Negro Question"
da. from this conference the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) originated
db. by 1914, the NAACP had 50 branches and 6,000 members
II.The End of Segregation
a. May 17, 1954 Supreme Court overturned the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS (1954)
aa. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the unanimous decision
ab. said that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal
ac. followed up with a second ruling in 1955 that said that the South must use "all deliberate speed" to obey the Brown decision
b. 1954, 101 southern congressmen signed the Southern Manifesto denouncing the court's "unwarranted decision" in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) as a "clear abuse of judicial power" that "substituted the Justices' personal political and social ideas for the established law of the land"
ba. manifesto vowed to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution"
bb. Texas senator Lyndon Johnson and two Tennessee senators - Al Gore, Sr. and Estes Kefauver - refused to sign it
c. 1956, Autherine Lucy became first black student admitted to the University of Alabama
ca. she was expelled three days later "for her own safety" in response to threats from a mob
cb. crowds chanted , "Hey, hey, ho, ho, Autherine's got to go!"
d. 1956, the national headquarters of the NAACP asked the U.S. district court to force immediate and complete desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas
da. September 1957, the Little Rock, Ark. School Board decided to let nine black students enroll at Central High School
db. Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus refused to let the students in
dc. September 3, Arkansas Governor Faubus called out the National Guard to prevent desegregation of Central High School
dd. ordered to remove National Guard, by the Federal Government
de. President Eisenhower met with Faubus
dea. Faubus agreed to remove the national guard
deb. the students were left to the mercy of the angry mob outside the school
dec. police escorted "the Little Rock Nine" out of the school
df. September 24, Eisenhower federalized the National Guard and called in 101st Airborne
dda. guard remained at the school for the rest of the school year
dg. 1958-1959- Little Rock public schools were closed for the year under Governor Faubus' orders dga. reopened integrated in 1959
e. December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a Montgomery seamstress, was arrested for refusing her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama
ea. Martin Luther King, Jr. - a 27-year old Montgomery minister - helped organize a boycott of Montgomery city buses